 |
Official reports, surveys, and polls on Racism in Europe, Attitudes of non-Muslims toward Islam
Humanist and Secular Muslims
Responding to Hate against Muslims: Over 200 internal web pages of articles, resources, and insights
Polls on attitudes of non-Muslims toward Islam and Muslims on a variety of variables, and Reports on Racism in European and other nations.
What the Official Reports on European Racism Tell Us
By Hesham M. Sabry
January 5th, 2006
There’s a widespread belief that racism and discrimination against visible minorities whose appearance is ‘Muslim’ started and is related to terrorist attacks, in particular those of September 11, 2001 on the USA.
In fact, some of the reports on racism in Europe expose the problem as a long-standing, wide-ranging and deeply ingrained, and unrelated to terrorism, except as offering the extra opportunity that facilitates increasing the magnitude and intensity of racism toward Muslims.
For example such reports on racism show that black Africans, unassociated with Islam or Muslims, are treated and viewed in an extremely racist manner, despite the fact they have nothing to do with terrorism. Indeed that applies identically to all visible minorities. In other words, it has been there long before and irrespective of Muslim terrorism coming to America or Europe. Ancient, yet ongoing, racism against Jews and Gypsies in Europe also confirms that view.
Besides, terrorism is not new to Europe. Long before Muslims had any presence in Europe, white, "Christian"(1) terrorist violence of all sorts was taking place everywhere in Europe, from Northern Ireland and England, through France, Germany, Italy, and Spain right into Greece, among others. So it’s nothing new to Europe, which only a few decades ago smashed itself repeatedly to smithereens in war after war in which Muslims played no role whatsoever (except occasionally as victims, or targets of aggression).
Muslim terrorism, used by Europeans and other westerners as an excuse that justifies mistreating, abusing, or mistrusting Muslims, is a big sham. The only thing terrorism did was simply give racists an even greater opportunity and excuse to better practice their racism and hate. Earlier, their bigotry was more dispersed among all minorities in Europe, later, it became more focussed on the more easily justifiable and available prey, Muslims.
Evidence that terrorism was used as an excuse - not that Muslims have something intrinsically wrong or provocative about them that attracts racism - is that in earlier reports of European racism Muslims were hardly mentioned at all as a discreet entity suffering racism. They were simply grouped with the segment of the population generally referred to as ‘minorities”. Nothing attracted special attention to Muslims as a distinct group. But that doesn't mean that the reports on racism were not full of records of incidents of racism, discrimination, etc., against "minorities" collectively, in fact, they were shock full.
As terrorism offered haters and bigots the opportunity to feel justified in mistreating totally innocent human beings called Muslims, the target of hate increasingly became Islam and Muslims, and the racism reports reflected that state of affairs, gradually designating anti-Muslim racism separately as "Islamophobia", and addressing it as a separate category.
So in reality terrorism is only exploited as an excuse for intrinsically racist people to even more overtly and expressly practice their hate and prejudice against identifiable individuals who look and dress differently than them, and against their institutions (places of worship, schools, etc.).
The story of racism in Europe is a long and very sad one. In some cases barbaric as well, when we include the pogroms against Jews, and the ultimate evil consequence of hate and racism, The Holocaust, in which six million Jews perished precisely as a result of some westerners' hate for those who differ from them. Six million Jews died because they were Jews not Christians.
The above points explain why ‘dated’ reports on racism from Europe are important. They allow the reader to learn how matters stood before the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Madrid, or London.
As an example of such a comparison of annual reports on racism in Europe, the annual report of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) offers some insight into the progression of Islamophobia in Europe.
Any reviewer of the reports will notice that Muslims, Islam or Islamophobia are not mentioned at all by name in the 1997 report (the first ECRI report), but lumped under "racism" and "xenophobia", unlike the racism against the Roma (Gypsies) and anti-Semitism, for example, which are mentioned by name and treated independently.
Muslims are first, and only once, mentioned by name in the 1998 report, and Islamophobia is introduced tentatively between brackets. It wasn't until 2002 (report presented in 2003) that the term 'Islamophobia' was used in the body of the report to describe racism against Muslims and Islam in a section of its own in the report.
In terms of the potential for racism, that is to say in racism-relative terms, there were large enough concentrations of Muslims in Europe in 1997, not much different than in 2002. They had already been there in large enough numbers since the early 1980's, and in only slightly smaller numbers from well before that time in a number of European nations.
So Muslims were obviously not doing anything in particular that attracted racism against them, anymore than any other minority. Obviously, then, the instant an opportunity presents itself to racists to exercise their hate more openly and forcefully on a particular group they do just that. It is clear that 9/11 was only a trigger for an increase in already existing gratuitous hate against Muslims.
The murder of a filmmaker in The Netherlands likewise offered the same opportunity to well-established, long-existing Dutch racists. In that case, it exposed much more poignantly their latent intrinsic hate. They had felt let down and disappointed that the murder of a prominent Dutch politician - Pim Fortuyn - two years earlier was committed by a fellow white "Christian" Dutchman when they had hoped it was a Muslim, and had prepared for revenge attacks!
That case offers some insight into one of the most revealing racism situations embodying the point of this discussion which is that to hard-core racists the actual nature of the crime itself doesn't really matter at all, it is who committed it that does . Thus years and years of Irish terrorism in mainland England never resulted in racism against the “white” Irish, but long before the 2005 London bombings, hate against a visible minority, Muslims, was being practiced liberally in the UK.
If a white person had committed the crime against the Dutch filmmaker, it would have been just another crime by just another criminal, awful as it would have been regarded. But if a Muslim committed the crime it's because Muslims are all terrorists and indeed the whole of Islam is a violent religion, not because a criminal, who in this case happens to be one Muslim out of a million Dutch Muslims, committed a crime.
This warped attitude, by the way, is shared well beyond racists, and well into governmental and other venues of officialdom in the west. Not because of racism, not at all, but because it's both intuitive human nature to react in that manner, and also the result of ignorance.
European racism in other words (and as we additionally argue and provide contemporary evidence for in other HaSM articles) has nothing to do with Muslims per se eliciting prejudice against them by qualities intrinsic to them, but rather arises from the very character of the European people in question. Naturally, a brief look at the history of the Jews in Europe, west to east, would instantly confirm that point without further question.
However, it is crucial to note that we are speaking here of the “racists” in Europe, the actual individuals, groups, or political parties (the so-called "extreme right") that engage in hate and racism, not of Europeans or "Christians" collectively.
Even back when persecuting Jews was in vogue, and later exterminating them was ignored by some, and enthusiastically supported by others, there were always those who didn't take part in, approve of, or condone that great evil. And in some cases - relatively small as their number is - some condemned it loudly or played a part in saving Jews.
So despite the above analysis it is very important to note that generalizations in place, time, or person, have no legs whatsoever,anywhere, anytime, in any people, any race, any faith, or any nationality.
PRINTER FRIENDLY in article format (no mention of HaSM, etc.)
(1) "Christian": As noted throughout this web site wherever appropriate, placing a term between quotation marks indicates a nominal reference, meaning they are called Christians, they refer to themselves as Christians, (in this case, or Muslims, etc. in other cases on the web site), but are in reality not necessarily practicing the true tenets and teachings of their religion. In other words, the blame is on them not on their faith for their deeds or attitudes. In certain cases the quotation marks simply mean a Christian, Jew, Muslim, etc. by affiliation not practice, as in the case of HaSM "Muslims".
See also HaSM published articles on European racism:
Racism is a problem, not only integration
Hesham M. Sabry
Published in 'The Record'(Daily paper, Ontario, Canada)
November 2, 2007
....If Muslims integrate all will be fine, we are told. Not so fast. The majority of European Jews looked, dressed, spoke, and were fully involved in the nations they lived in. They were even white skinned. But when the time came for tolerance, their integration, their great contributions to Europe's arts, science, and industry, did little for them. They were shipped -- with the willing cooperation of many locals across the nations of Europe -- to be massacred in their millions...
European tolerance only a veneer
Hesham M. Sabry
Middle East Times,
February 15, 2006
...(On the matter of the "Mohammed cartoons"). When an editor in a mainstream Danish newspaper finds it appropriate, and expects it to be acceptable to his readers, to so callously and crassly treat a minority within his nation, it is already obvious that this minority is being viewed as lesser human beings and is treated as such....
See Also:
Racism against women in veils/hijab
"German Racism against Muslims";
"European Muslims"
The deeply ingrained Nazi-like racism in Germany and its denial
Racism in France
Racism in Australia
For a complete list of HaSM catalogues, see the end of this or any other catalogue on the web site.
Brief descriptions, with photos, of topics of major web pages on this web site
Please note:
Some of the following reports are made by the countries in question about themselves without independent verification.
They - some more than others - will naturally be inclined to minimize the racism problems they actually suffer from.
A cross section of western nations are included. Interested readers can look up other nations by following threads on the web sites of the organizations provided in the reports..
----------------------------------------------------
2008 Major survey challenges Western perceptions of Islam
2008 The search for common ground - Muslims, non-Muslims and the UK media
2008 Immigration, faith and cohesion: Evidence from local areas with signifi cant Muslim populations
2008 Risk, Threat and Security:The case of the United Kingdom
Islam and Muslims: A Poll of American Public Opinion
Restrictions on Civil Liberties, Views of Islam, & Muslim Americans
Views of Islam Remain Sharply Divided
Americans Struggle with Religion’s Role at Home and Abroad
The American Public on the Islamic World
Islamic Extremism: Common Concern for Muslim and Western Publics -COMMENTS, overview of results
Islamic Extremism: Common Concern for Muslim and Western Publics- FULL REPORT
How Muslims and Westerners See Each Other
How Non-Muslim Publics View Muslims
Racism and Cultural Diversity in European Media
Comparative Report: Racist Violence in 15 EU Member States - Introductory
Racist Violence in 15 EU Member States - Summary
Racist Violence in 15 EU Member States - Full Report
IHF Annual Report on Human Rights Violations- by Nation: Europe
Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims in the EU
IHF Report on Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims in the EU - Developments since September 11
Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance- Third report on Sweden
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance- Third report on the United Kingdom
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance-Third report on Germany
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) - 2005 Report
The impact of 7 July 2005 London bomb attacks on Muslim Communities in the EU
Norway's National Plan of Action to Combat Racism and Discrimination (2002–2006)
(Polls) Analysis: EU views on Turkish bid
(Poll) Analysis: Muslims in Europe
Muslims a threat to Danish Religion
Case Report on Racist Incidents and Structures in Austria-Racism Report 2001
Case Report on Racist Incidents and Structures in Austria- Report 2002
Racism simmering in British schools, says survey
Muslims in the U K: Policies for Engaged Citizens
German School Students Well Acquainted With Islam: Poll
End growing anti-Muslim prejudice, EU report urges
Amnesty International Report On Racism in Belgium
IHFHR Report on racism and human rights in Belgium
Religious freedom, discrimination and intolerance a non-issue in Western European democracies? The example of Belgium
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance- Third report on Belgium
87. ECRI expresses concern at the continuing presence of racist and xenophobic discourse in politics in Belgium and at the increasing success of parties that resort to racist or xenophobic propaganda.
Poll: Americans more accepting
Britain 'a racist society' - poll
Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Second Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination
Report on SWITZERLAND made public on March 1998
Report on DENMARK made public on 26 January 1999
Report on GERMANY made public on March 1998
Report on IRELAND made public on September 1997
Report on the NETHERLANDS made public on 15 June 1998
Report on NORWAY made public on March 1998
Rising Racism in Europe...
Nine OSCE countries try to silence human rights and religious freedom activists and NGOs
Humanist and Secular Muslims (HaSM)
www.secularmuslims.com
Over 200 internal web pages of articles, resources, and insights
Links last revised December 2007
*About the above linked articles: Links will be updated every few months. Check later for any dead links you encountered today.
Almost 95% of the links provided link directly to the article, some require free registration that takes less than a minute, and some may have expired.
All articles and items in this and all other catalogues are archived in full at HaSM offline. If their link is no longer live, depending on permission from the source, some will be posted fully or in excerpts periodically on our site as time allows. All credits and original URL are included.
Or you may use the title to Google them on the web, as they may be on other sites.
If you are doing research on the topic of the catalogue please write us for guidance.
Other HaSM catalogues
Muslims in Canada; Canadians in Afghanistan etc.
An Honour Roll and Tribute to Canadians who gave their lives helping others
Various polls surveys and other resources regarding Muslims in the west and racism against Muslims in the west.
Love watch: Catalogue of various news, actions, or events, that promote or demonstrate tolerance, getting along together, and understanding between peoples.
Catalogue of Muslims reaching out to the western communities they live in and the west in general.
Catalogue of Muslims condemning violence and terrorism
Christians in Muslim lands/Wrongs against Christians in Muslim lands
A catalogue of Egyptian Christians "Copts".
The West Opposing torture of Prisoners of war
Westerners supporting torture and abuse of Prisoners of war
Catalogue of Prisoners of war abuse and torture
Muslims in Australia
Racism against Aborigines and others in Australia
Muslims in Britain/racism in Britain
Muslims in France/racism in France
Muslims in Europe/racism in Europe
Muslims in Germany
Racism in Germany
A catalogue of Hate Expression against Muslims in the west
Hate Watch: Detailed listings of Islamophobia and Hate expression against Muslims in the west
A brief catalogue of hate crimes against Muslims in the west
A brief catalogue of racism and discrimination against Muslims in the west
A Catalogue of discrimination against women who wear a head scarf
A catalogue of significant affairs that concern Muslim and non-Muslim women
An Honour Roll of Women who strived to make a difference in the world, mostly selflessly.
A tribute to victims of The Holocaust
The Israeli-Palestinian Problem: general items
Tribute to Israeli and western groups working for justice in the Middle East conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
Multiple Catalogues of wrongs and violence committed by non-Muslims (do not include bombings by western governments, war-induced casualties, air raids or targeted killings that result in the death of innocent people, etc.. That is, do not include incidents of the armed conflict between west/Israel and extremists).
A Catalogue of Muslim wrongs (does not include terrorism, war-induced violence, or occupation-induced violence, etc.,that is, does not include incidents of armed conflict between west/Israel and extremists)
Notice:HaSM does not necessarily agree or disagree with the views expressed in entries provided in any of its catalogues or on its web site, but it does ask readers to alert it to any items that express unqualified hatred so they could be removed, (except where they are purposely included in 'hate catalogues' meant to expose hatred). Thank you.
This article at: http://www.secularmuslims.com/polls.php
Copyright 2005-2008. Humanist and Secular Muslims (HaSM) www.secularmuslims.com
Over 200 internal web pages of articles, resources, and insights
|  |